Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Alireza Azadegan; mahdi azimi
Abstract
We can say that Sadr al-Muta'llehin-al-Sharīī, in his works, have been mentioned the opinions of all the preconceived scholars regarding the quality of the issue of the multiplicity of unity. Hence, it is difficult to analyze his real opinion about this issue. However, in this article, we have tried ...
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We can say that Sadr al-Muta'llehin-al-Sharīī, in his works, have been mentioned the opinions of all the preconceived scholars regarding the quality of the issue of the multiplicity of unity. Hence, it is difficult to analyze his real opinion about this issue. However, in this article, we have tried to summarize and review all the comments that he has made in this regard. From the examination of the various views Sadra makes on the issue of issuance, one can conclude that he, however, expresses these views from various philosophical, verbal and mystical points of view, and in the works of philosophers and theologians And the mystics before him are equally found, he has somehow tried to defend the rule known as Al-Wahid and actually combine these views with this rule. But in this article we are seeking to show that the combination of these different views and the rule of Al-Wahid did not only help Sadra in explaining the quality of the exodus of the Almighty, but also confronts him with more conflicts, explaining and justifying his views did not rely on this rule, his arguments were more justified and acceptable.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Marziyeh Akhlaghi
Abstract
Personality, taken from the Greek word “persona” means mask, refers to visible exterior characteristics of people, the impressive level, demands compliance and their social expectations. But as it is an abstract concept, not only explaining it scientifically is difficult, but also due to ...
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Personality, taken from the Greek word “persona” means mask, refers to visible exterior characteristics of people, the impressive level, demands compliance and their social expectations. But as it is an abstract concept, not only explaining it scientifically is difficult, but also due to different given definitions by a number of psychologists which rooted in their worldview and their attitude to human, culture and social conditions, they could not provide an acceptable and single definition concerning the personality. In the present study, which is a descriptive one, by looking at the works of Mulla Sadra and relying his ontology and anthropology, we try to find the nature of "character". The results suggest that all human beings have a same essence while their characters are deferent. Having a same inherence in all human beings means they are same in creation but “personality” is same as “existence configuration” on a set of inherent and acquired attributes which is specific for each person and determines each person’s path in life. Personality consists of an individual’s acquired virtues based on good or evil thoughts and deeds and affected by environmental, training and genetic factors, secondary natures and good and evil traits which takes shape in each individual and each one’s behavior is subordinated by this shaped and consistent personality.
Scientific Research
Meysam Akbarzadeh; Safoura Chegini
Abstract
Mutahhari, an Islamologist and a contemporary thinker, is one of the thinkers and researchers who has considered the problems of science and religion such as the theory of transformation of types with the approach of “selective”. He struggles to judge and examine the relationship between ...
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Mutahhari, an Islamologist and a contemporary thinker, is one of the thinkers and researchers who has considered the problems of science and religion such as the theory of transformation of types with the approach of “selective”. He struggles to judge and examine the relationship between them with a different and equilibrant approach, an intellectual-philosophical method, and through clarifying the religious problems and issues. Mutahhari believed that the problems of human society are renewed, so the new problems need new solutions. According to Mutahhari, religion means “Islam” and science means “experimental sciences”. In addition to his belief to concordance and convergence of science and religion, he emphasizes that they complement and supplement each other in some cases. From perspective of worldview, Mutahhari maintains the conflict between science and religion is an illusion of contrast between origin of creation and transformation. Moreover, he adheres the principle of unity and the principle of evolution assist and complement each other. While believing to be symbolic of language of revelation in Adam’s story and to resolve the external conflict, he holds in separation of science and religion in regard to linguistics.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Jabbar Amini; Mohammad Saeeidimehr; Ali Afzali
Volume 8, Issue 2 , September 2020, Pages 65-74
Abstract
Mulla Rajabali Tabrizi, one of the philosophers of the Safavid Era in Isfahan, is among the philosophers who have criticized Sadra regarding the principles of transcendent wisdom. One of these principles is the Homonymy or Polysemy of existence. Tabrizi strongly disagreed the Polysemy of existence but ...
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Mulla Rajabali Tabrizi, one of the philosophers of the Safavid Era in Isfahan, is among the philosophers who have criticized Sadra regarding the principles of transcendent wisdom. One of these principles is the Homonymy or Polysemy of existence. Tabrizi strongly disagreed the Polysemy of existence but agreed the Homonymy of necessary beings and contingents. He brings up three reasons for his disagreement: "rational reason", "reference to the words of intellectuals and mystics", and "narrative reason". The present paper tried to present his non-narrative reasons to show the weak points as far as possible. Among the reasons referred to by Tabrizi, is the words of well-known intellectuals such as the First and the Second Teachers. Investigating about the thoughts of such intellectuals, the paper reveals that Tabrizi has paid too much attention to the details so that he did not notice the words above and under those sayings and also ignored the other statements of those wise men.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Mahdi Enshaei; Mohsen Javadi
Volume 8, Issue 2 , September 2020, Pages 75-90
Abstract
With pondering in the theory of “corporeal occurrence and spiritual survival of the soul” and its intellectual platform, we will notice such an existence of soul that exists due to the cause, before the bodies, with identity maintaining and plurality of effects. Without considering this being, ...
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With pondering in the theory of “corporeal occurrence and spiritual survival of the soul” and its intellectual platform, we will notice such an existence of soul that exists due to the cause, before the bodies, with identity maintaining and plurality of effects. Without considering this being, understanding the theory would be something not only incomplete but also something totally wrong. This being has a relative absoluteness and unity, therefore a series of these beings can be assumed that this leads us to a true stability and transiency of true soul which is unit and absolute and free from any conditions including the body and singularity and souls with all of faces and affairs are the manifestation of it. Therefore, the “corporeal occurrence” does not mean the beginning of its story from non-existence or pure possibility, though it is explaining the manifestation of transient soul in the ecstasy of being something. Moving from physicality to spirituality is the emergence of capacity and release of transient soul. Transient "I" is a basic foundation for many theoretical topics including "knowledge of the soul and the lord", "Fitrah" and topics which observe the actions like credit perceptions, obligations and descriptions, the relation between theology and ethic and self-contradictions and etc.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Ali Rahimi; MOHAMMAD BONYANI
Volume 8, Issue 2 , September 2020, Pages 91-102
Abstract
The quality of the relationship between essence and attributes of God is one of the most important issues among Islamic thinkers. One of the most important theories in this field is the theory of Identity of the essence and the attributes of God that divided in turn into two branches, I mean, external ...
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The quality of the relationship between essence and attributes of God is one of the most important issues among Islamic thinkers. One of the most important theories in this field is the theory of Identity of the essence and the attributes of God that divided in turn into two branches, I mean, external identification and conceptual identification. Since the conceptual identification is a rare theory, we further deal with external identification .In this article, we have discussed the concept of Identity and we have collected all the proofs for it. Identity is paradoxical according to conceptual analysis and all the proofs are incomplete. Finally, this theory has been accepted that God has the attributes of perfection but we do not know its qualification and should be silent about how it is.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Shamsollah Seraj; Hossein Aminparast
Abstract
One of the Mulla Sadra’s basic principles to demonstrate man’s corporeal resurrection is attention to the place of the faculty of imagination. He explains the nature of the faculty of imagination and believes the necessity of its continuity after death. One of the fundamental functions of ...
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One of the Mulla Sadra’s basic principles to demonstrate man’s corporeal resurrection is attention to the place of the faculty of imagination. He explains the nature of the faculty of imagination and believes the necessity of its continuity after death. One of the fundamental functions of the faculty of imagination is the image of corporeal essence of man in intermediary world which based on Mulla Sadra’s belief, spiritual resurrection comes true in this world. Some believes that Mulla Sadra has also generalized the function and the role of the faculty of imagination in intermediary world to Doomsday arena. The creation of other-worldly body is carried out by the faculty of imagination and innovation of soul. Consequently, corporeal resurrection considered by Mulla Sadra is an imaginal body which is not consistency with traditional arguments. With his amazing by this interpretation, Mulla Sadra expressed his objection with gathering of other-worldly bodies in the mould of an imaginal body. He distinguishes between the function of the faculty of imagination in intermediary world and Doomsday arena and maintains gathering of bodies from graves and the blowing of spirits in them by angles. Through relying on rational arguments and citing some of Mulla Sadra terms, this paper demonstrates that the function of the faculty of imagination in intermediary world is different from that one in Doomsday arena and it has no role in creation of other-worldly body.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Abdollah Salavati; Zahra Lotfi
Volume 8, Issue 2 , September 2020, Pages 119-130
Abstract
Mulla sadra and his philosophy descriptors, inspiring by Quran and Mysticism also by contribution of existential attitude, talked about various human biotypes. Here, the main question is that: how does Mulla Sadra explain the multiplied human biotypes? The answer is as follows: 1. Based on ontological ...
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Mulla sadra and his philosophy descriptors, inspiring by Quran and Mysticism also by contribution of existential attitude, talked about various human biotypes. Here, the main question is that: how does Mulla Sadra explain the multiplied human biotypes? The answer is as follows: 1. Based on ontological and anthropological foundations of Mulla Sadra, human has simultaneously unity and polarity. He considers ten human dignities based on Quran, seven human biotypes by inspiring from mystical heritage and finally, three big human biotypes from his existential attitude. 2. From Mulla sadra’s point of view, the way to achieve human dignities is to pass mystical Quadr-trips. 3. Human, unlike other creatures in universe, has no certain and limited position. Thus one cannot limit him in 7, 10 or any certain number of biotypes; unless to express human biotypes as 7, 10 or 100 dignities. Moreover, not a unit prescription with unit coordinate, can be considered for human life due to various biotypes.
Scientific Research
Volume 8, Issue 2 , September 2020, Pages 131-143
Abstract
"The embodiment of deeds", or the ontological relationship of human actions and beliefs with pleasures and pains of afterlife, is one of the most important and complex issues raised in resurrection. Gnostics pointed to this issue before philosophers and explained their angles based on intuition and traditions. ...
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"The embodiment of deeds", or the ontological relationship of human actions and beliefs with pleasures and pains of afterlife, is one of the most important and complex issues raised in resurrection. Gnostics pointed to this issue before philosophers and explained their angles based on intuition and traditions. In this article, the ontological foundations of Ibn Arabi, those are involved (direct or even indirect) in the embodiment of deeds, have been examined and their relationship with the embodiment of acts has been clarified. The principles studied in this article are: unity of being, manifestation, the accordance of worlds and the renewal of likes. Among the above mentioned principles, the unity of existence and the manifestation have indirect influence on the idea of embodiment, and on the other hand, the accordance of worlds and the renewal of likes have had a direct influence on the formation of this view. Based on these principles, nothing in the universe has been annihilated and death is due to the appearance of the manifestations, namely the transfer of the visible world to invisible world and the embodiment of acts is nothing but the appearance of the immanence. Therefore, human actions will not be lost and become visible in other worlds.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Mehran Tabatabaei; Mohammad mahdi Meshkati
Volume 8, Issue 2 , September 2020, Pages 145-160
Abstract
The study of Sadrul Motahallin's view of the ways and stages of immediate impact of human souls on material objects other than their bodies is one of the issues that have been neglected due to the lack of resources in this field. From his point of view, human souls influences on material objects in three ...
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The study of Sadrul Motahallin's view of the ways and stages of immediate impact of human souls on material objects other than their bodies is one of the issues that have been neglected due to the lack of resources in this field. From his point of view, human souls influences on material objects in three ways: first, intellectual souls cause change in the material objects; second, the souls are totally incorporeal create the material objects; Third, the human souls that are not totally incorporeal concentration of their imagination powers and cause change in the material objects. The stages of human soul impact are also different in these three ways. In the first two ways, the union of human souls with human souls archetype causes changes in the material objects or its creation. Also, in the third way, the concentration of the souls on their imagination powers is the main factor influencing the human souls that are not totally incorporeal on material objects.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Mohammad Ali Abbasian Chaleshtori
Abstract
One of the most important issues discussed in theology, especially in contemporary times, has been the question of the relationship between man and God. The problem is dealt with in the present article analyzed in three groups of smaller issues: Is the relation between human beings and God subjective ...
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One of the most important issues discussed in theology, especially in contemporary times, has been the question of the relationship between man and God. The problem is dealt with in the present article analyzed in three groups of smaller issues: Is the relation between human beings and God subjective or objective? Is the relation between man and God based on selfness or otherness of God and man? Do human beings and God have an immediate relationship or they are related to each other via the world of creation? This article attempts to explain, first, the above three problems through expressing the three current approaches in contemporary Western theology to the relationship between man and God, and second, in light of those approaches, to re-read Mulla Sadra's view of the relationship between man and God. In this review we have come to two distinct views or theories of Mulla Sadra. In one theory, Sadra has offered a theology, which is objective-subjective, world based, and relatively based on otherness. And in another theory, he has confirmed a subjective, human based and purely selfness based theology. Despite some partial shared points, these two theories are fundamentally different and inconsistent with each other. Is only one of these two theories the personal and final theory of Mulla Sadra? If so, which of these two theories is the final and personal theory of Mulla Sadra? We do not find a clear-cut answer to these questions in Sadra’s works, but by relying on some of his writings, like that he has said in volume 1 of Asfar, we might be able to see the second theory as his final and personal theory. However, it is clear that the Mohiodinan mystics presented the second theory before Mulla Sadra, so it is not a novel theory of Sadra.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Mohammad Reza Shamshiri; Zahra Allafchian
Volume 8, Issue 2 , September 2020, Pages 177-191
Abstract
"Happiness" has always been and has long been the focus of human beings in general and famous thinkers in particular; what, how, bases, ways of obtaining, attracting and preserving it has been discussed. The present article deals with the analytic-inferential way of discussing the views of two philosophers ...
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"Happiness" has always been and has long been the focus of human beings in general and famous thinkers in particular; what, how, bases, ways of obtaining, attracting and preserving it has been discussed. The present article deals with the analytic-inferential way of discussing the views of two philosophers of the same age (Mulla Sadra and Spinoza) in the field of Islamic thought and Western philosophy. The purpose of this comparison and adaptation, while expressing the origin and purpose of the two in this regard, was to pay attention to the intellectual foundations of each one, while also explaining their points of sharing, including the acquired and gradual divorce of happiness, the value of longevity and the type of perception of it and difference in the sense of intuitive knowledge, rational happiness and the unity of being. The result is that the comprehensiveness, harmony and solidity of Sadra's thinking is clearly evident as his attitude towards the discussion of happiness in the context of revelation and revelation-based rationality is evident, the scope of discussion of happiness will not only be the world, which will include the hereafter, while Spinoza has looked at happiness from the point of view of rationality and self-conception.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Mehdi Lajevardi; morteza haji hosseini
Volume 8, Issue 2 , September 2020, Pages 193-201
Abstract
There are two kinds of interpretations offered for the theory of “knowledge by acquisition” that believes an image of the objects appears in the mind upon gaining knowledge of them; these two are the image theory and essential objectivity. Essential objectivity is known to have flaws so-called ...
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There are two kinds of interpretations offered for the theory of “knowledge by acquisition” that believes an image of the objects appears in the mind upon gaining knowledge of them; these two are the image theory and essential objectivity. Essential objectivity is known to have flaws so-called as mental existence. Despite the fact that Molla Sadra believes the mental existence is the fault solely targeting the theory of essential objectivity, Sheikh Al-Eshragh, at least, presents the problem of the universality of particulars against the principle of knowledge by acquisition and, in turn, against theory of image . Molla Sadra’s theory of the distinction of two predictions that has been used in response to such a flaw as “universality of particulars” seems to have been stemmed from Sheikh Eshragh’s solution in response to this problem. But, this answer is also condemned to flaw for it requires the possession of paradoxical essential traits by a mental form and/or its being in possession of an existence with an ambiguous nature. Acceptance of the image theory by Sheikh Eshragh is faced with such a flaw that the idea and the image of an external object are ambiguous and cannot be imagined and Molla Sadra’s essencial objectivity theory, as well, is only an unjustified claim.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Mohammda hossein Mokhtari
Abstract
Sensory perception is one of the most important issues in the field of the self and knowledge. Senses, perceptible and sensation have been seriously discussed in the thought of ancient Greek philosophers since Plato. Aristotle, a pupil and critic of Plato, considered his explanation of sensory perception ...
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Sensory perception is one of the most important issues in the field of the self and knowledge. Senses, perceptible and sensation have been seriously discussed in the thought of ancient Greek philosophers since Plato. Aristotle, a pupil and critic of Plato, considered his explanation of sensory perception insufficient. Thus in his collection of works, especially in the two on the self, senses and perceptible, he addressed the explanation of sensory perception. Muslim philosophers have also taken note of sensory perception. Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra have referred to it in different books and examined its quality and types. For all three philosophers, the soul and its faculties are particularly important in explaining perception, and they regard true perception belonging to it. They divide human faculties into the internal and external. Aristotle, Ibn Sina, and Mulla Sadra know the five senses as external forces, and the common sense, among the internal faculties, as an important elucidation for sensory perception. Considering the extent of the discussion of sensory perception, this paper addresses only three issues: 1) the importance, position, and definition of sensory perception; 2) the study of external senses; 3) informativity of senses. Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra's arguments can be said to be broader and more orderly than those of Aristotle are. Regarding the above three axes, this paper examines the sensory perception from the viewpoint of Aristotle, Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra and illustrate the differences and similarities of their views. Keywords: Sensory perception, Sense, Perception, Self, Feeling
