Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Ali Mohammad Borna; Hosein Asa
Abstract
One of the issues discussed among philosophers and mystics, is perception of material creatures. Human beings have understood by all philosophers as capable of perception. But that materials have such perception, there is no consensus. Some philosophers believe that because material objects are absent ...
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One of the issues discussed among philosophers and mystics, is perception of material creatures. Human beings have understood by all philosophers as capable of perception. But that materials have such perception, there is no consensus. Some philosophers believe that because material objects are absent from each other, this absence means no perception of self and others. But others, such as Mulla Sadra, believe that all beings are conscious, because since existence and knowledge are correlated, every being is conscious because of its being existent. In this paper, we try to show differences between Mulla Sadra and his predecessors; and the most important difference is that he believes in the priority of existence. And it rejects any difference in nature between organisms. In contrast to his predecessors, Mulla Sadra does not divide beings to simple and complex, material and immaterial, live and non-live, abstract and concrete, and etc. Therefore, there are no fundamental differences between creatures. But what that indicates the difference between creatures is their gradational difference. Thus, there is no essential difference between them. Therefore, the existence and attributes of existence are correlated and the material objects are conscious because they are existent and participate some grade of it.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Mohammadreza Balanian; Morteza Hajhosseini
Abstract
The Existentialism Reading of Mulla Sadra's Anthropology This paper seeks to demonstrate how to extract the results of most fundamental principle of Transcendent Wisdom, i.e. the priority of existence, in anthropology, shows a new image regarding human identity. In this regard, the author, through analysis ...
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The Existentialism Reading of Mulla Sadra's Anthropology This paper seeks to demonstrate how to extract the results of most fundamental principle of Transcendent Wisdom, i.e. the priority of existence, in anthropology, shows a new image regarding human identity. In this regard, the author, through analysis and explanation of the special viewpoints that put Mulla Sadra in a different position compared to his predecessors, insists on the fact that all of the charm and rationality of this philosopher’s anthropological views is owed to the role of existence priority; and essentialist reading of Mulla Sadra's anthropology is not attractive, not reasonable and not including something new and different. The result of this approach is introducing human beings as having a unique and graded identity that has two types of historical dynamics and substantial change caused by his theoretical and practical actions.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Morteza Hoseinzadeh; Tahereh Kamalizadeh
Abstract
Gradation of being is one of the important principles of transcendent philosophy. In this philosophy, compatibility and incompatibility between the individual unity of being and the gradation of being is one of the conflicts between commentators. According to gradation of being, gradation is in levels ...
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Gradation of being is one of the important principles of transcendent philosophy. In this philosophy, compatibility and incompatibility between the individual unity of being and the gradation of being is one of the conflicts between commentators. According to gradation of being, gradation is in levels of being, and due to the individual unity of being; there is no gradation in levels. Since the real being is not more than one being and other things are its manifestations and aspects. Hence apparently there is an incompatibility between these two principles and it is not possible to accept both of them. Sadra, by accepting gradation of being, proves the individual unity of being. This paper poses two meaning for the unity of being by showing two types of gradation presented by Sadra. It is possible to prove typical unity according to particular gradation and the individual unity of being is resulted from special particular gradation (tashkik khasi). To fix this incompatibility, we can say that according to two gradation, Sadra believes on two kinds of unity that the individual unity of being cannot summed up with particular gradation, but special particular gradation(tashkik khasolـkhasi) is compatible with the individual unity of being.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Seyyed Reza Hoseini Lavasani; Mohammad Saeedimehr; Reza Akbarian; Kavous Rouhi Barandagh
Abstract
Because of his desire to eternity the problem of death is very important for human. Mulla Sadra transcendent philosophy founder, with the approval of previous philosopher’s definition of death, believes that death is the separation of the soul from the physical body and divides it to natural and ...
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Because of his desire to eternity the problem of death is very important for human. Mulla Sadra transcendent philosophy founder, with the approval of previous philosopher’s definition of death, believes that death is the separation of the soul from the physical body and divides it to natural and sudden. This paper explains the nature of death and its variants and causes of death in view of Mulla Sadra and shows some of its Quranic roots. Also, we present criticisms about Mulla Sadra's division of death; some of which include lack of philosophical criterion for the existence of sudden death and there is no boundary between natural death and sudden death.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Seyed Alireza Dana; Mohsen Javadi
Abstract
The reality of being is the most important issue in the field of Islamic philosophy and mysticism, and the scholars of these two fields have presented different views on the unity or plurality of existence. Although the idea of the unity of existence must be understood as mysticism, it also entered ...
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The reality of being is the most important issue in the field of Islamic philosophy and mysticism, and the scholars of these two fields have presented different views on the unity or plurality of existence. Although the idea of the unity of existence must be understood as mysticism, it also entered into the realm of wisdom in terms of philosophy, and influenced the atmosphere of philosophical thought. Mulla Sadra is one of the great Scholars who made great efforts to prove the claims of the mystics. By rejecting the diversity of the manifestation of existence, he initially approached the principles of transcendent wisdom in the direction of justifying and explaining the unity of the existence. Furthermore, he adopted the theory of personal unity and defended it as his last idea. The main purpose of this study is to present the most important points in the concept of the reality of existence. The paper tries to scrutinize the issue of unity of existence in Mulla Sadra's thought.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
reza rasooli sharabiani; Maryam Samadieh
Abstract
Verbal conflict resolution between the two sects of Moushabahe and Mounazahe is one of the Mulla Sadra's achievements of knowing God as Absolute existence. Conflict between Moushabahe and Mounazahe is in discussion of God's attributes. Of the two sects, one believes that God is like human beings and ...
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Verbal conflict resolution between the two sects of Moushabahe and Mounazahe is one of the Mulla Sadra's achievements of knowing God as Absolute existence. Conflict between Moushabahe and Mounazahe is in discussion of God's attributes. Of the two sects, one believes that God is like human beings and have organs (Moushabahe) while other rejects assigning such attributes to God. Mulla Sadra solved the conflict between the two views by "soul" and "absolute existence" knowledge of God. According to Mulla Sadra, God is absolute and simple existence, as in all stages and levels of existence. But, this does not damage its mere existence. He knows soul as God’s idea that while it is at the same company of the material, it does not have properties of the material. In this paper, after explaining the views of Moshabahe and Mounazahe, Mulla Sadra’s view as a way out of the conflict between the views of these two sects has been paid.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Batool Taherian Dehkordi; Mahmoud Sheikholeslami; Rajab Akbarzadeh
Abstract
Topices related to moral responsibility can be seen among the works of Mulla Sadra. Mulla Sadra considers moral responsibility with innovations in the field of originality of existence (esalat-e wujood), gradation of existence (tashkik-e wujood), necessary state of the soul, and final cause, which considers ...
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Topices related to moral responsibility can be seen among the works of Mulla Sadra. Mulla Sadra considers moral responsibility with innovations in the field of originality of existence (esalat-e wujood), gradation of existence (tashkik-e wujood), necessary state of the soul, and final cause, which considers moral responsibility of having implications includes acts, agent and unity of acts, agent and patient (agency and patiency). The agent must also have positive conditions such as authority, power and science. Negative conditions are also ignorance, opacity of sins and self-impurity and imitation. Mulla Sadra expresses the act of moral responsibility on the basis of the final cause and agent’s or doer’s action, and considers all human actions lead to perfection for the final end. Human being is the whole truth of the universe that includes Ideal and intellectual immateriality and material grade and the manifestation of divine essence. In this paper, in a descriptive-analytical method, Mulla Sadra's view on human beings and their responsibilities towards themselves, God and others, and how to create a sense of responsibility in human being and acting in accordance with them are expressed. Mulla Sadra believes that even with minimal science, human can provoke faculty of appetence and create the faculty of appetence, a sense of responsibility in human being and is possessed through will by practical intellect and has attained divine governor. In the system of unity of existence, the actual agents are devoted to Necessary Being and the system of being and even the activities of the servants are conveyed by the Necessary Being. The attribution of the activity to the contingents due to their ability and their grades do not also contradict all attributes of God. So human is morally responsible for achieving favorable perfection.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Mohammad Saleh Tayebnia
Abstract
Mulla Sadra’s theory regarding “soul” consists in the bodily origination and spiritual surviving, led to fundamental changings in debates on the soul. According to that, the root of the soul origination is mater, which transforms to immaterial being through substantial movement. The ...
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Mulla Sadra’s theory regarding “soul” consists in the bodily origination and spiritual surviving, led to fundamental changings in debates on the soul. According to that, the root of the soul origination is mater, which transforms to immaterial being through substantial movement. The problem of the origination of sprits before origination of bodies, which is corresponding to the appearance of certain verses, is a huge challenge confronting this theory. Mulla sadra’s view deals with this challenge by interpreting some verses and hadiths which believe in the pre-existence of souls before the bodies, as well as by rational reasons which deny the priority of sprit to the body. This paper by descriptive-analytical method attempts to present the concept of “soul” and “sprit” in the Quran and in the Hadiths, and to state that soul is an abstract entity related to the domain of commandment. Therefore, it can have existence before the creation of body. Whereas, “soul” is a representation of “sprit” in the material world. Accordingly, the controversy between the theory of bodily origination and spiritual surviving and certain hadiths and verses that claim the existence of the sprit before becoming, is solved.
Scientific Research
Mohammad Hadi Ashoori; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Alavi
Abstract
The current study is seeking to investigate primordial nature (fitrah) as a stimulus for history in philosophy of history from the view point of Allameh Tabatabaei. Obviously, understanding this issue depends on knowledge of eras of history from his point of view. The hinted history by Allameh, is the ...
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The current study is seeking to investigate primordial nature (fitrah) as a stimulus for history in philosophy of history from the view point of Allameh Tabatabaei. Obviously, understanding this issue depends on knowledge of eras of history from his point of view. The hinted history by Allameh, is the history of nations and people; and in his system of thinking it is divided into 3 eras of "simplicity", "unity of nations", and “sense and material”. Primordial nature in the first era showed itself in the form of the feature of employing and regarding the total features of these two eras, the principle of employment was enough for the movement of society. Certainly, employment like other practical principles and other tendencies of primordial nature was apt to error. This issue emerged well by more progress and complexity in societies. So, in the third era, there was a need for another factor to avoid obstacles in the way of perfection. This factor is revelation and religion. They must also accord with primordial nature; otherwise, they could not have a role in the movement of history. Such primordial nature has had a role in all three eras of history.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Muhammad Faruque; Ghulamreza Aavani
Abstract
The aim of the present piece of research is to analyze the meaning of metaphysics from the viewpoint of Mulla Sadra and Heidegger. In the course of our analysis, we find that both the worldview and the orientation of the aforementioned philosophers differ significantly from each other. The starting point ...
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The aim of the present piece of research is to analyze the meaning of metaphysics from the viewpoint of Mulla Sadra and Heidegger. In the course of our analysis, we find that both the worldview and the orientation of the aforementioned philosophers differ significantly from each other. The starting point of Heidegger’s philosophy is the ‘existential condition’ of modern human, and his Dasein is not to be confused as a Big Being having a self-subsistent reality. In his view, a human being is a finite being who has no ‘being’ after the death. When one looks at one’s Dasein one does not see the Kingdom of God within nor the Throne of the All-Merciful. On the other hand, Sadra sees ‘Being’ as possessing a meaning and a reality. His being is at once hierarchic and infinite. Concepts such as perfection of soul, catharsis, theosis, play a major role in the Sadrian worldview and possess fundamental realities. However, one should not conclude from the above differences that there are no similarities to be found in the above mentioned philosophers. The truth is that similarities do exist as far as particulars are concerned. But the overall outlook of these two philosophers, as far as the meaning of metaphysics is concerned, is rather opposed to one another.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Hamidreza Mirzaei; Ebraim Sadi
Abstract
Animal enjoy knowledge and perception according to the Islamic philosophy. In order to study the question of knowledge and perception of animals, this survey has been done from the view point of philosophy of transcendent wisdom. Transcendent wisdom is an ontological philosophy. This reflective system ...
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Animal enjoy knowledge and perception according to the Islamic philosophy. In order to study the question of knowledge and perception of animals, this survey has been done from the view point of philosophy of transcendent wisdom. Transcendent wisdom is an ontological philosophy. This reflective system bestows the originality to existence. In light of this outlook, what – so – ever covers the arena of the Being, is existence and the essences are virtual. The existence is the realization of Divine Action. Existence is gradational. Each level and stage includes the whole perfections of its own inferior level and exempted from the limits of the inferior existence. This very level and stage is in turn comprehended by the superior level to this own level. Inanimate bodies, animals, and human being enjoy perfection of existence of its own level. Both perfection and existence are one reality, and they are in such a position that the more intensified the existence is, the more evident the perfection is. Animal enjoys perfection according to its existential level. One of these perfections is knowledge, because it is predicated on existence as it is existence. The gradation of existence realizes in every level, so the perfections in any level of existence are gradational. Animals are the possessors of knowledge. Knowledge in animals is gradational. Animals can be subjected to the education, but animal’s knowledge is imaginary and sensory. Animals are able to be in the course of education with imaginary and sensory methods and develop the level of their own knowledge.
Scientific Research
falsafe molasadra
Ziba Hashemi Hajbehzad; Morteza Shajari; Mehdi Mohammadzadeh
Abstract
As a comprehensive philosopher, Mulla Sadra didn’t neglect of symbolist approach in constructing his philosophical system. In this paper, first we explain “symbol” and its etymology. Then, explore the status of symbol in his philosophical thought, Ebne Arabis’s affections, his ...
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As a comprehensive philosopher, Mulla Sadra didn’t neglect of symbolist approach in constructing his philosophical system. In this paper, first we explain “symbol” and its etymology. Then, explore the status of symbol in his philosophical thought, Ebne Arabis’s affections, his symbolist approach to religion and his emphasis on symbolic language. Finally we show that it is not possible to associate such a system, including religion, philosophy, mysticism and theology, except with symbolist link, although there are other elements. The main findings are that, firstly, his theory concerning the priority of existence as well as the poverty of entities ultimately based on some kind of symbolic explanation; and, secondly, to justifying certain mythical conceptions of the holy text, he appeals to symbolic interpretation.
